IPPSO NEWS MAGAZINE

 Vol 2 No. 15 March 2009                                                     Editors: Mike and Yvonne Isaacson

It is ability that counts - not disability

Disclaimer

The views of those who contribute to this publication are not necessarily in agreement with those held either by IPPSO or by the editors of this publication.

 

From the Editors Desk

Polio visited me when I was ten years old and it decided to stay permanently. I was flat on my back for the first ten months, after which I was given an antiquated wheelchair. That was my very first means of transport.  Later, I was fitted with full length braces on both legs, given a pair of underarm crutches and taught how to hobble around the hospital. When I was sixteen years old, I watched all my friends get their driving licenses in their parents' automobiles, but I couldn't of course, because there was no such thing as a hand controlled motor car. My father told me that because I had polio, I would never be able to drive an automobile, but "never" is a very long time - and I never (sic) believed him because Polio had taught me that there was always a way of accomplishing the seemingly impossible. My mother, always my champion, agreed with me and filled me with hope. I looked far and wide to discover what vehicles were available to a paraplegic and what I found is the theme of this issue of the IPPSO magazine.

 

Paraplegic Transport Through the Ages

 

My Very First Wheels!

 

This is the antiquated wheelchair that I was given after having spent ten

months lying flat on my back. Made in England out of cane, it probably dates back to Victorian times. It had three wheels. The front wheels are 26 inch diameter metal with hard (very hard!!) tires; the back wheel, which you can just see in the picture if you look hard) is 10 inch diameter. The cushion was one of the pillows from my bed, artfully placed on the 17 inch square wooden seat. The footrest was a single piece of wood, with a hinge to allow it to be flipped upwards whilst I was dumped into it.

 

It was a sort of dirty brown color, and the cane was broken and dug into me.

 

It had springs (a la Model T Ford) and it was a most uncomfortable ride, but it was wheels!!.

 

The "Normal" Wheelchair. Powered, and the Scooter

 

Most of us are only too familiar with these, so much so that we don't even need to look at a picture of either of them. The power comes from a battery (sometimes a pair of them) similar to an automobile battery. Some can reach as much as 10 mph but they have a limited traveling distance before the battery conks out. They come with a battery charger and it is best to recharge the battery every night........ or else!!!!! 

 

The Invacar

 

If you copy and paste this web site into your Browser  http://www.virtualgaz.com/invacarpage.htm you can read about this delightful blue oddity. You could drive one only if you were disabled. You never owned it. It was loaned to you by the British Government or your Town/City Council. It was a single seater (no passengers allowed!) which looked like a cross between a motor cycle and a bread bin. Read what "Wheeling Warrior" has to say about her Invacar......

 

My Little Blue Car

From Christine (Wheeling Warrior)

 

Although I qualified for a British Government funded car at age 16, I didn't get one until I left my special school at 19. I was very excited at the prospect of my own Invacar. At last I would be able to go somewhere by myself instead of always having to be taken everywhere! Although it was a one-seater and only for a disabled driver, you still had to go through the driving test. I remember when I was being instructed on how to drive it, the instructor had to run alongside me and yell through the window because it was forbidden to carry passengers in an Invacar. The same went for the test itself. I drove around the streets in a circular route and the test examiner walked around observing me as I went past. I must have gone around him about ten times. How silly it was but I passed first time. I didn't drive very well, but I think the examiner felt sorry for me - well, in all honesty, I made sure that he did!

 

He knew ahead of time that he was going to be examining the driving ability of a disabled young lady, but when he actually met me, he could see how disabled I really was. I'd had to walk into the test centre on my crutches, which had included negotiating a step. I then came out again with the examiner, who had to watch me come down the step - always tricky for me - then he had to watch me get into my car. Unlocking my calipers (braces) and getting my legs in always takes me ages, but I made it look harder and took longer than usual. I "struggled" with both my hip and knee locks, got my boot "caught" in the door slide, and generally made it look awful!

 

I had three of these cars, most people hated them, I suppose they weren't really very good, going faster than 30 mph did scare me I must admit, but for me they were a Godsend. Sliding doors on both sides allowed you to get out onto the pavement wherever you parked, and they were wide enough for me to be able to lift my legs in and out without too much trouble. They all had handlebars instead of a steering wheel. They were really just covered in 3-wheeled motorbikes, you tipped the handlebar down in the direction you wanted to go and eventually (and hopefully) it would go where you wanted!

USER-FRIENDLY TIP! - Actually the handlebars were better, as a wheel would make getting you and your legs in more difficult. I was really sorry when the last of my "Bluebells" had to be handed back. I was given a "modern" car equipped for my needs afterwards, but they were always so much harder for me to get into.

 

I now own a little Peugeot, which I really like, because it too has sliding doors, electric this time - very posh. But unfortunately it looks like I'm going to have to give up driving before long, and with it a little more of my independence.

 

 

 

Feeny and Johnson

 

This was a company in Britain (probably still is!) that manufactured vacuum operated hand controls. Vacuum is automatically produced by the engine and stored in a cylinder in the trunk. There was a complicated system of valves to release the vacuum into accordion type bellows connected to the brake or clutch by a rod. When the valve was opened (using a Bowden cable attached to a control handle) the bellows collapsed, pulling the pedal downwards. My set always developed a vacuum leak and I was always on tenterhooks incase the brake didn't operate. Despite being a very complicated affair, it could be fitted onto most automobiles, which meant that you could drive a "real" auto, not a bread bin.........

 

My First Automobile!!!

I got it when I was 25 years old!! This was a second hand Ford Anglia, imported from England with hand controls already

fitted. A friend took me for my first driving lesson, and the thrill of actually driving my own auto has never really left me. I saw my father crossing the road during my second lesson.

 

 

I cocked a snook at him because he had told me all those years ago that I would never drive an automobile. I nearly bashed into the car in front of me. That was when I learned that you definitely needed both hands when driving a hand controlled auto!!

 

I got my driving license at my first attempt (maybe the examiner was a retard?) and I whooped with delight. I was free!!! At last I could go anywhere...... anytime.

 

 

Can I Drive an Auto From My Wheelchair?

Yes you can!!! And your choices are almost unlimited these days!

 

How's this, for starters?

 

The ramp is controlled from a small remote on the key ring. The sliding door (shown here open) opens from the remote, the vehicle "kneels" so that the ramp is less steep to climb. Once you are inside the vehicle, press another button on the remote and the ramp folds away neatly and the door closes.

 

You wheel yourself to the driver's "seat" along guides, clip your chair into position, start the engine, and voila!!!!

 

Questions and Answers

Q. Do I have to use the ramp?                 A. No. There are a lot of wheelchair lifts available. Paste this web site into your 

                                                               browser  http://www.tkaccess.com/wheel-chair-lift/     

Q. What Hand Controls are available?     A. Have a look at http://www.blvd.com/Accessible_Vehicles/Hand_Controls/

 

Q. Can I buy a custom built van?             A. Yes!! http://www.sterlingvans.com/build-your-van/index.cfm

 

Q. What "Bells and Whistles can I get?    A. http://www.braunability.com/wheelchair-minivans.cfm?gclid=CJiogZT6oJkCFQkzawodoCVWpQ

 

There is so very much available to paraplegics these days that the mind boggles!!!

 

Hehehe Corner

To err is human, but to really foul things up you need a computer.

 

Fatigue, Pain and Muscle Weakness

Submitted by Barb O.

 

Fatigue, pain and muscle weakness are frequent after Guillain-Barré syndrome and poliomyelitis.
Rekand T, Gramstad A, Vedeler CA. Dept. of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway,  

 

OBJECTIVE : Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and poliomyelitis may cause life-long health problems. We studied fatigue, pain and muscular weakness in both conditions to define possible interactions between these symptoms and their influence on residual disability and daily functioning.

METHODS : We studied 50 patients with previous GBS, 89 patients with a history of poliomyelitis and a reference group of 81 people with similar sex and age and no history of poliomyelitis or GBS using the Fatigue Severity Scale, self-reported pain and muscular weakness Disability Rating Index, and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-X). We assessed the quality of life using the SF-36 Health Survey.

RESULTS : The mean score on the Fatigue Severity Scale was significantly higher in the GBS and poliomyelitis patients than in the reference group. This was true also in the subgroups of mild disease, i. e., nonparalytic polio and initial Hughes score less than 3 in the GBS group. Thirty-four percent of GBS patients and 63 % of poliomyelitis patients reported pain; 13 % of GBS and 36 % of poliomyelitis patients reported residual muscle weakness. Fatigue, pain, and muscle weakness interacted in both diseases. Perceived health problems influenced all aspects of the quality of life except mental health in both diseases.

CONCLUSIONS : Fatigue, pain, and muscle weakness are common sequelae after GBS and poliomyelitis. The symptoms interact with each other and contribute to long-term disability.

 

Easter

The Easter Holy Days will soon be upon us. What is Easter all about? Was it always a Christian Festival? Read on.....

 

Easter is a time of springtime festivals. In Christian countries Easter is celebrated as the religious holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ, the son of God. But the celebrations of Easter have many customs and legends that are pagan in origin and have nothing to do with Christianity.

Scholars, accepting the derivation proposed by the 8th-century English scholar St. Bede, believe the name Easter camefrom the Scandinavian "Ostra" and the Teutonic "Ostern" or "Eastre," both Goddesses of mythology signifying spring and fertility whose festival was celebrated on the day of the vernal equinox

 

Traditions associated with the festival survive in the Easter rabbit, a symbol of fertility, and in colored Easter eggs, originally painted with bright colors to represent the sunlight of spring, and used in Easter-egg rolling contests or given as gifts.

The Christian celebration of Easter embodies a number of converging traditions with emphasis on the relation of Easter to the Jewish festival of Passover, or Pesach, from which is derived Pasch, another name used by Europeans for Easter. Passover is an important feast in the Jewish calendar which is celebrated for 8 days and commemorates the flight and freedom of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt.

The early Christians, many of whom were of Jewish origin, were brought up in the Hebrew tradition and regarded Easter as a new feature of the Passover festival, a commemoration of the advent of the Messiah as foretold by the prophets.

Easter is observed by the churches of the West on the first Sunday following the full moon that occurs on or following the spring equinox (March 21). So Easter became a "movable" feast which can occur as early as March 22 or as late as April 25.

Christian churches in the East which were closer to the birthplace of the new religion and in which old traditions were strong, observe Easter according to the date of the Passover festival.

Easter is at the end of the Lenten season, which covers a forty-six-day period that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends with Easter. The Lenten season itself comprises forty days, as the six Sundays in Lent are not actually a part of Lent. Sundays are considered a commemoration of Easter Sunday and have always been excluded from the Lenten fast. The Lenten season is a period of penitence in preparation for the highest festival of the church year, Easter.

Holy Week, the last week of Lent, begins with the observance of Palm Sunday. Palm Sunday takes its name from Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem where the crowds laid palms at his feet. Holy Thursday commemorates the Last Supper, which was held the evening before the Crucifixion. Friday in Holy Week is the anniversary of the Crucifixion, the day that Christ was crucified and died on the cross.

Holy week and the Lenten season end with Easter Sunday, the day of resurrection of Jesus Christ.

 

 

Hehehe Corner

There is no truth in the rumour that emails are delivered to computers by the Ether Bunny.

 

Positive Pressure Ventilation

Qualify of life and palliation predict survival in patients with chronic alveolar hypoventilation and nocturnal ventilatory support.
Olofson J, Dellborg C, Sullivan M, Midgren B, Caro O, Bergman B. Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden,
OBJECTIVES: Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) improves health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with chronic alveolar hypoventilation (CAH). We studied the prognostic impact of HRQL on survival in relation to clinical factors.
PATIENTS:
Forty-four patients with CAH due to post-polio (12), scoliosis (11), post-tb (17) or other diagnoses (4) who received nocturnal NPPV were prospectively studied during 6-10 years.
MEASUREMENTS: Blood gases and HRQL were analyzed at baseline and after 9 months and after 8 years. HRQL was evaluated with measures of functioning (SIP), emotional well-being (HADS and MACL), and global QL.
RESULTS: Blood gases and HRQL measures improved during NPPV. The overall 5-year survival rate was 73%. In multivariate survival analysis, a diagnosis of post-polio and low baseline SIP physical index scores, indicating low levels of physical dysfunction, predicted longer survival (P = 0.02, respectively). Similarly, palliation of physical dysfunction and preserved or improved global QL by 9 months were associated with longer overall survival (P = 0.009 and P = 0.001, respectively; multivariate Cox regression).
CONCLUSION: Seventy-three percent of patients treated for CAH with NPPV survived more than 5 years. Diagnosis and self-rated physical functioning at pre-treatment were related to survival, as were major improvements in physical functioning and global QL during NPPV.

 

Deep Thought Corner

Always remember that your worst hour is only sixty minutes long.

 

Stem Cell Research: A Moral Dilemma?

Submitted by Vin Miller thru Shari

 On Monday, President Obama lifted the federal limits on embryonic stem cell research. In a nation of wildly varying opinions, this comes with both strong support and passionate opposition.

What is Stem Cell Research?

Embryonic stem cells are unique cells that can develop into any type of specialized cell that exists in the human body. It’s believed that these cells can be used to reverse significant damage and serious disease, and this is why it’s such a hot research topic. For example, stem cells could be used to replace dead muscle tissue in a heart attack victim or repair spinal tissue and give someone who’s paralyzed another chance to walk.

Some of the serious conditions that stem cell research is intended to address include Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, spinal cord injury, stroke, heart disease, diabetes, and arthritis. As such, the dramatic life changing potential of this research is quite obvious. However, despite this potential, the use of human embryos and the concept of regenerating human tissue is too morally unsettling for some people to support it.

The Moral Dilemma

To some, stem cell research is a naive attempt by humans to “play god.” I typically don’t like the idea of science attempting to outsmart nature, but how can you refuse a paralyzed accident victim the possibility of being able to walk again?

One of the major moral conflicts is the use of embryos. Because they must be destroyed for the research, and because they represent the earliest stage of human life, many consider their use to be unacceptable. However, millions of people are using fertility clinics and having embryos created in a lab. If it’s acceptable to create them in a test tube, freeze them, and discard them if unused, then why isn’t it acceptable to use them for revolutionary research?

Another significant moral concern is that embryonic stem cell research will lead to forms of human cloning. This is definitely a frightening topic, and in my opinion, is inviting science to become arrogant and lose respect for nature. Perhaps cloning an entire human organ can save lives, but where do you draw the line? While that’s a difficult question for society to deal with, I don’t think the potential of stem cell research should go unrecognized based on the possibility of it being misused. Besides, those who have influence and want to experiment with cloning will find ways to do it regardless of it’s legality.

Perhaps a better compromise is needed that will allow embryonic stem cell research to advance, but will limit the potential of it being used for questionable purposes. I don’t know what that would be, but I feel that disallowing it completely would be a poor choice.

Lifestyle will Always Matter Most

With or without the advancement of embryonic stem cell research, the foundation of good health will always be a healthy lifestyle. Many of the conditions that embryonic stem cell research is predicted to reverse are often a result of unhealthy lifestyle choices. As such, I fear that advances in stem cell research will make people feel as if they can get away with these unhealthy choices. I think it will reduce fear of disease and lessen the incentive for people to live healthier lives, and this could have a negative impact on all of us.

Perhaps stem cell research will create more trouble than it’s worth. However, I can’t help thinking about accident victims who’d miss out on the chance to walk again and others who are suffering severely from no fault of their own. It’s these victims of misfortune more so than those suffering from their own doing that inspire me to support embryonic stem cell research. I just hope it will be used wisely and responsibly.

Replace What You Take Away

When depriving someone of something they value, it’s only fair to replace it with something comparable. The opponents of embryonic stem cell research are looking to deprive some very unfortunate people of a precious opportunity. Instead of merely opposing embryonic stem cell research and shattering the hopes of these people, I suggest that opponents of stem cell research give back by advocating the healthier lifestyle habits that will greatly reduce the incidence of the diseases that the research aims to reverse. By doing so, you just may end up saving your own life as well!

Hehehe Corner

If you get melted chocolate all over your hands, you're eating it too slowly.

Physiotherapy in Multi-Disciplinary Rehabilitation

Submitted by Barb Oniszczak

Bertelsen M, Broberg S, Madsen E. - Rehabilitation Centre of the Danish Society of Polio and Accident Victims (PTU), Rødovre, Denmark.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of physiotherapy as part of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation.
DESIGN: Prospective uncontrolled intervention study.
SUBJECTS: Fifty patients with late effects of polio, first time referred to physiotherapy at the Danish Society of Polio and Accident Victims (PTU) Rehabilitation Centre.
METHODS: The intervention was physiotherapy as an essential part of an individually planned multidisciplinary rehabilitation. The outcome measures Six-Minute Walk Test and Timed-Stands Test were used to assess the functional capacity. Quality of life was evaluated by Medical Outcome Survey Short Form (SF-36) and fatigue by Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20). Patients were tested at baseline; 3 months after the start of rehabilitation and at one-year follow-up.
RESULTS: The patients showed significantly better functional capacity on all measurements 3 months after start of intervention and at one-year follow-up. The patients showed significant improvement in 3 of the SF-36 dimensions regarding quality of life, but only the improvement in "general health" remained after one year.
CONCLUSION: This study shows that patients with late effects of polio, who experience new problems related to polio, can benefit from an individually planned multidisciplinary intervention with emphasis on physiotherapy, and the improvement in physical capacity and general health can remain at one-year follow-up.

Hehehe Corner

Money talks. Chocolate sings.

 

Polio Not Eradicated

 

NAIROBI, Kenya, Feb 25 (Reuters) - Polio has infected a four-year-old girl in northern Kenya in the country's first case of the disease since 2006.
The girl is believed to have contracted the virus from neighboring southern Sudan, which has struggled to improve its health sector since a 2005 peace deal ended a two-decade civil war.

Shahnaaz Sharif, Kenya's director of public health and sanitation, said a vaccination campaign would begin in the area on March 7 and would aim to immunize more than 95,000 children.

Youngsters under three are most at risk from the disease, which can cause irreversible paralysis. Vaccines have eliminated the virus as a public health threat in most parts of the world.

 

No Words

Paste the following into your Browser and weep.            Ed

http://postpoliosinmex.blogspot.com/   

 

Hehehe Corner

There is no truth in the rumor that the Easter Bunny brings eggs because he gets a big tax write off.

 

Is Your Microwave Nuking Your Health?

by Vin Miller

Submitted by him through Shari

Because of the convenience they provide, microwave ovens have become so popular that they’re found in nearly every household and restaurant. The word “microwave” has even been formally accepted as a verb in the dictionary. However, popularity is not always a reliable measure of goodness, and the convenience of microwave ovens comes at a significant cost.

Food Quality and Cooking

Although it’s common knowledge that you must eat well to be healthy, few people recognize the importance of food quality. Those that do probably understand the importance of eating organic food but may not realize that proper cooking is just as important. Using a microwave oven destroys much of the nutrients in food and can even transform them into dangerous and toxic compounds that don’t occur naturally. In other words, the microwave can turn a typically healthy food into one that causes disease!

The Destructive Nature of Microwave Ovens

Microwave ovens produce intense electric and magnetic radiation that oscillates at a rapid frequency and causes food molecules to rotate and change polarity billions of times per second. The friction resulting from this movement is what generates the heat that cooks the food.

This violent and rapid movement causes food molecules to become deformed, and as a result, they’re unlikely to be digested and may even be attacked by the immune system. If they are digested and absorbed, their damaged nature will likely promote malfunction in the cells that utilize them. Furthermore, some of these deformed food molecules will fuse with each other and produce unnatural compounds that are toxic.

Microwave Ovens Cause Disease

If the body goes without a balanced variety of nutrients for an extended period of time, which can result from frequent microwave use, malnourishment will result and dysfunction will begin to occur. As such, it should be no surprise that this is the starting point of disease.

In addition to the malnutrition, the toxic compounds produced from microwave radiation are a serious cancer risk. Frequent consumption of microwaved foods is also associated with poor digestion, altered immune activity and impaired hormone production. In fact, the effects of regularly consuming microwaved food are so profound that many medical professionals have attributed to it a condition known as “microwave sickness.”

Good Health isn’t Always Convenient

Like many people, you’ve probably become reliant on the convenience of your microwave oven, and the thought of no longer using it probably seems unimaginable. But is the convenience worth the possibility of enduring years of poor health and disease in your old age?

With rare exception, a long, healthy and happy life is only obtainable by those who are dedicated to making it happen, especially with the many unhealthy influences that exist in modern society. The significance of optimal health cannot be fully appreciated without making the effort to achieve it and experience the benefits first hand.

Easy Ways to Eliminate Microwave Use

Discontinuing your use of the microwave is not as hard as it may seem. It’s been years since I’ve used one and I don’t feel inconvenienced at all. In fact, I think it’s satisfying to know that I’m supporting my health by not using one.

Here are a few things to consider to help protect yourself from the risks of microwaved food without it being a major inconvenience.

Hehehe Corner

The Easter Bunny hides Easter eggs because nobody wants to search for waffles.

The Robin Who Was an Indian

The name of Robin makes us think at once of the jolliest and most sociable of all our little brother birds. In every land the name is a favorite, and wherever he goes he brings happiness and kind feeling.

The American Robin is not the same bird as his English cousin, though both have red breasts.

It was in a different manner that our little American friend came to have the ruddy waistcoat which we know so well.

There was a time, so the Indians say, a very early time, long, long before Columbus discovered America,—even before histories began to be written,—when there were no Robins.

In those days in the land of the Ojibways, which is far in the north of the cold country, there lived an old Indian chief who had one son, named Iadilla. Now among the Ojibways, when a boy was almost big enough to become a warrior, before he could go out with the other braves to the hunt or to war, there was a great trial which he must undergo. Other lands and peoples have known similar customs. You remember how, in early Christian times, long, long ago, Galahad and other boys had to fast and watch by their armor during the long night hours before they could become knights, to wear spurs and shield and sword? In just the same way a brown Ojibway lad had to make a long fast in order to win the love of his Guardian Spirit, who would after that watch over him to make him brave and strong. It was a very important event in a boy's life, like graduation from school or college nowadays. For this meant the graduation from boyhood into manhood, the winning of a warrior's diploma.

The father of Iadilla was a brave warrior, a famous chief. But he wished his son to become even better, wiser, greater than he had been. He resolved that the boy should fast longer and harder than ever a lad had fasted before. For he believed that this was the way to make him the noblest of his race. Iadilla was a fine handsome lad, but he was the youngest one who had ever made the trial, and there were many bigger boys than he who were not yet warriors. The other chiefs said that he was not yet old and strong enough.

But Iadilla's father declared that it was time, and bade his son gather courage and pride for the ordeal. "For," he said, "it will be no easy matter, my son, to become the greatest chief of the Ojibways."

"My father," replied Iadilla, humbly, "I will do as you wish. I will do what I can. But my strength is not the strength of the bigger boys; and I think it is yet early to talk of my becoming greatest of the Ojibways. Yet make trial of me, if you wish."

The father of Iadilla had made a little tent of skins where the boy was to live during his fasting time; where he was to lie without food or drink for twelve long days, waiting for a message from the Guardian Spirit whose love was to be the reward of such a trial.

When the time came, the old man led Iadilla to the lodge and bade him lie down on the bed of skins which had been prepared for him. And Iadilla did as he was bid, for he was a brave and obedient lad.

The days crept by, the long, long days of waiting, while Iadilla lay in the lodge bearing hunger and thirst such as no Ojibway lad had ever before known. All day and all night he lay still and spoke never a word. But a dreadful fear was in his heart lest he should not be able to endure the fast for the twelve days which his father had set.

Every morning his father came to the lodge to praise and to encourage him, and to rejoice in one more day checked from the long time of fasting. So eight days passed, and the old man was proud and happy. Already his dear son had done more than any Ojibway lad, and the whole tribe was praising Iadilla, saying what a great chief he would be in the days to come.

But on the ninth morning, when the father peeped into the lodge to see how bravely his son was faring, the boy turned his head toward the door and spoke for the first time in all those long days. He was very thin and pale, and his voice sounded weak.

"My father," he said, "I have slept, and my dreams were sad. I have slept, and my dreams were of failure and weakness. The time does not please my Guardian Spirit. It is not now that I can become a warrior. I am not yet strong and old enough. O my father, I cannot bear the fast longer! I am so hungry, so thirsty, so faint! Let me break my fast, and try again in another year."

But the father sternly refused, for he was ambitious. "Nay, lad," he cried, frowningly. "Would you fail me now? Think of the glory, think of being the greatest of Ojibways. It is but a few short days now. Courage, Iadilla, be a man in strength and patience."

Iadilla said no more. He wrapped himself closer in his blanket and drew his belt tighter about his slender waist, trying to stifle the hunger gnawing there. So he lay silently until the eleventh day. That morning his father came to the lodge, beaming proudly.

"Bravo, my Iadilla!" he cried. "Only one day more, and you will be released from your fast." But Iadilla clasped his hands beseechingly.

"My father," gasped the poor boy. "I cannot bear it another day. I am not fit to be a great chief. I have failed. Give me food, or I die!"

But again the father refused. "It is but a day now," he said, "but a few short hours. Bear a little longer, Iadilla. To-morrow I myself will bring you the finest breakfast that ever a lad ate. Courage, boy, for the few hours that remain."

Iadilla was too weak to answer. He lay motionless, with only a gentle heaving of his breast to show that he still lived. His father left him for the last time, and went to prepare the morrow's goodly breakfast, while the tribe planned a fine festival in honor of the young hero.

Early on the morrow came Iadilla's father to the tent, proudly bearing the breakfast for his brave boy, and smiling to think how gladly he would be received. But he stopped outside the tent door surprised to hear some one talking within. Stooping to a little hole in the skin of the tent he peeped in to find who the speaker might be. Imagine his surprise to find Iadilla standing upright in the middle of the tent painting his breast a brilliant red, as Indians do in war time. And as he daubed on the colors he talked to himself. He spoke softly, yet not with the weak voice of a starving lad; and his face was very beautiful to see, despite its pale thinness.

"My father has ended my Indian life," he said. "My father, too ambitious, has put upon me more than my strength could bear. He would not listen to my prayer of weakness. But I knew, I knew! And my kind Guardian Spirit knew also that it was more than I could bear. He has shown pity, seeing that I was obedient to my father and did my best to please him. Now I am to be no longer an Indian boy. I must take the shape which the Spirit has given me, and go away."

At these strange words the father broke into the tent, exclaiming in terror,—

"My son, my dear son! Do not leave me!"

But, even as he spoke, Iadilla changed into a beautiful Robin Redbreast with soft feathers and strong, firm wings. And, fluttering up to the ridgepole of the tent, he looked down with pity and tenderness upon the heart-broken chief.

"Do not grieve, father," he sang. "I shall be so much happier as a bird, free from human pain and sorrow. I will cheer you with my merry songs. Oh, I have been hungry; but now I shall get my food so easily, so pleasantly on mountains and in the fields. Oh, once I was thirsty; but now the dew is mine and the little springs. Once I traced my way painfully by forest paths through bog and brake and tangled brier. But now my pathways are in the bright, clear air, where never thorn can tear nor beast can follow. Farewell, dear father! I am so happy!"

He stretched his brown wings as easily as if he had worn them all his life, and, singing a sweet song, fluttered away to the neighboring woods, where he built his nest, and lived happily ever after.

And since that day the glad little Robins have lived as that first one promised, close by the homes of men, and have done all they could to cheer us and make us happy. For they remember how, once upon a time, their ancestor was a human boy.

A Final Hehehe

The Easter Bunny has a shiny nose because his powder puff is on the wrong end.